Professor%20Bernhard%20Ebbinghaus: List of publications
Showing 1 to 84 of 84 publications
The Role of Social Partners in Managing Europe's Great Recession
July 2021
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Edited book
Labour hoarding during the pandemic: Assessing the impact of job retention schemes in Europe
June 2021
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Internet publication
Job retention schemes have helped Europe to avoid mass unemployment during the Covid-19 pandemic. Bernhard Ebbinghaus and Lukas Lehner write that while these schemes had an immediate impact during lockdown, the future development and long-term consequences of job retention policies remain uncertain.
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SBTMR
Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: The double-edged income effect of pension systems
January 2021
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Journal article
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Social Policy and Administration
While the sustainability of pension systems facing demographic ageing has been widely discussed, the adequacy of retirement income has often been neglected in current debate. However, considerable poverty and income inequality in old age exists across Europe. Using recent EU‐SILC data (2017/18), the comparative analysis of poverty rates and income inequality in old age shows important cross‐national variations that need to be seen in context of market‐related inequalities but also the specific pension system. Beveridge basic security is not always capable of effectively reducing poverty despite the explicit goal to do so. In addition, private funded pensions may generate social inequality. Some contributory Bismarckian systems are better suited to reduce poverty, but given their focus on status maintenance also reproduce inequality. Poverty rates are low due to encompassing basic pensions in Dutch and some Nordic multipillar systems and in core Central and Eastern European countries. Bismarckian pensions such as in Germany are generating some inequality and medium level of poverty, while France and some Southern European countries perform better on poverty but reproduce larger inequalities. Beveridge systems such as in the United Kingdom and Switzerland with rather meagre basic multipillar systems have relatively medium to high poverty risks. In addition, the Baltic countries and new EU member states in the periphery have the highest poverty rates across Europe. The analysis shows that the minimum income provision of public pension systems matters most for poverty risks, while the overall pension architecture has an impact on reproducing inequality in old age acquired during working life.
poverty, Europe, old age, FFR, pension systems, inequality
Uncertain Futures of Post-Brexit Pensions: Three Paradoxical Implications
November 2020
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Chapter
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Whither Social Rights in (Post-)Brexit Europe?
Post-Brexit pension futures in the UK and the wider Europe will change as a consequence of the UK having left the EU. British state pensions might be more negatively affected by the economic effects of a Brexit without a comprehensive trade agreement. For social Europe, the UK leaving the table will weaken the forces behind marketising pension reforms. Finally, the City’s pro-Brexit financial interests will push further for less regulated financialisation of pensions, making a large share of British retirement income subject to more volatility. Departing from a social Europe that put more brakes on funded pension capitalism, Brexit has thus made UK pension futures less, not more, secure.
Brexit, European Union, United Kingdom
The Legitimacy of Public Pensions in an Ageing Europe: Changes in Subjective Evaluations and Policy Preferences, 2008–2016
August 2020
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Chapter
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Welfare State Legitimacy in Times of Crisis and Austerity
4407 Policy and Administration, 4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society
Changing work and welfare: unemployment and labour market policies
July 2020
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Chapter
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Handbook on Society and Social Policy
Accumulation or Absorption? Changing Disparities of Household Non-employment in Europe During the Great Recession
February 2020
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Journal article
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Socio-Economic Review
This comparative study analyses the impact of the Great Recession on household non-employment across Europe since 2008. We use the EU-SILC (2007 to 2014) for a shift-share analysis that de-composes annual variations in household non-employment in 30 European countries. Investigating whether job-loss is absorbed or accumulated by households, we break down non-employment vari-ations to changes in individual non-employment, household compositions, and polarization. We find that jobless households increased since 2008, especially in crisis countries. There is no evi-dence for widespread absorption of individual non-employment in families or multi-person house-holds. Instead, household dynamics and unequal distribution of non-employment leads to further risk accumulation within households during the crisis. Paradoxically, this pattern occurs in those crisis countries known for their traditional household structures and less accommodating welfare systems which have relied thus far on families to absorb employment risks. The impact of the crisis has aggravated household disparities in joblessness.
employment, Europe
Pension reforms and old age inequalities in Europe: From old to new social risks?
January 2020
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Conference paper
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Abstract Book: 14th ESA Conference: Europe and Beyond: Boundaries, Barriers and Belonging |
FFR
LIS Working Paper Series
Poverty in Old Age
October 2019
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Working paper
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LIS Working Paper Series
While the financial sustainability of pension systems has been high on reform agendas, the adequacy of retirement incomes has only recently come into focus. This chapter analyses old-age poverty from a comparative and longitudinal perspective using repeated waves of cross-sectional micro-level income data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). We focus on high-income OECD countries that experienced demographic ageing and substantial pension reforms since the mid-1980s, and analyse old age poverty in terms of relative income positions and purchasing capacity. Overall, there has been a secular trend towards a decline in old age poverty, which has converged towards the poverty rates observed in the working age population. However, since ongoing pension reforms in several countries have reduced public benefits, fostered prefunded savings, augmented the retirement age, and strengthened the link between contribution histories and old-age incomes, we identify population subgroups that have difficulties in gaining sufficient pension credits or savings into individual pension plans during their working lives to escape poverty in old age, including women, migrants, and those with lower education. We also present examples of poverty trends across synthetic cohorts in old age. Overall, we observe that more recent cohorts are better protected against poverty in old age compared to cohorts that were born longer ago.
FFR, Poverty, Old age
Multipillarisation remodelled: the role of interest organizations in British and German pension reforms
April 2019
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Journal article
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Journal of European Public Policy
Privatisierung und Vermarktlichung der Altersvorsorge: Eingetrübte Aussichten des deutschen Mehrsäulenmodells
November 2018
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Journal article
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WSI-Mitteilungen
Conclusion: The Influence from Below—How Organized Interests and Public Attitudes Shape Welfare State Reforms in Europe
January 2018
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Chapter
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Welfare State Reforms Seen from Below
4407 Policy and Administration, 4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society, 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Institutionalismus, historischer
January 2018
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Chapter
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Europasoziologie
4410 Sociology, 44 Human Society
Welfare State Reforms Seen from Below
January 2018
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Book
The Popularity of Pension and Unemployment Policies Revisited: The Erosion of Public Support in Britainand Germany
December 2017
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Chapter
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Welfare State Reforms Seen from Below: Comparing Public Attitudes and Organized Interests in Britain and Germany
This chapter provides a comparative analysis of the long-term development of public attitudes towards pension and unemployment policies in Great Britain and Germany (1985–2013). The British and German welfare states are still rather popular. Public support for government responsibility for the elderly is stronger than for the unemployed. Moreover, a trade-off in expenditure preferences favours spending on pensions over spending on unemployment benefits. Claims toward an increased polarization between generations, union/non-union members and left/right supporters seem overblown. Welfare reforms have not led to a counter-reaction but the continued reform pressures have led to a partial erosion of public welfare state support.
SBTMR
Class, union, or party allegiance? Comparing pension reform preferences in Britain and Germany
November 2017
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Chapter
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Welfare State Reforms Seen from Below: Comparing Public Attitudes and Organized Interests in Britain and Germany
This chapter explores to what degree public opinion, particularly specific social groups including social classes, retirees, members of trade unions, and supporters of political parties, defend the status quo or are willing to support reforms. It distinguishes two major dimensions of pension-specific attitudes, retrenchment and redistribution. Using data from the 2008 European Social Survey, the study compares two countries with different pension systems, organized interests, and party systems: Britain and Germany. Our results show pronounced cross-national differences in attitudes towards the redistributive character of the pensions system but less variation with regard to retrenchment of pension benefits. Political affiliations show also more variation than social classes, indicating that ideological alignment is more pronounced than social class.
SBTMR
Introduction: Analysing Organized Interests and Public Opinion Towards Welfare Reforms
November 2017
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Chapter
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Welfare State Reforms Seen from Below: Comparing Public Attitudes and Organized Interests in Britain and German
SBTMR
Making Deservingness of the Unemployed Conditional: Changes in Public Support for the Conditionality of Unemployment Benefits
September 2017
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Chapter
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Social Legitimacy of Targeted Welfare:Attitudes to Welfare Deservingness
Since the 1990s, stricter conditions for the (long‐term) unemployed to receive benefits have been on the ‘activation’ agenda. However, policymakers are constrained in their reform efforts by the economic and fiscal situation, the pre‐existing institutional contexts and public opinion. This cross‐national and longitudinal study investigates whether the social legitimacy of benefit obligations for the unemployed is affected by the changing economic situation and the varying institutional context. We use data from the European Values Survey, a repeated cross‐sectional survey that was conducted in 1990, 1999 and 2008 in 23 European countries. Support for the conditionality of unemployment benefits is measured with an item that asks whether people who are unemployed should have to take any job available. We find that the main economic indicators – economic growth and the unemployment rate – are significantly related to support for conditionality. People living in wealthier countries are more likely to be in favour of conditionality, whereas a high unemployment rate reduces such support. With regard to institutional features, we find some support for the assumption that people in welfare states with more generous social policies prefer stricter conditionality for access, in order to protect the generous benefits against any misuse.
SBTMR
Paid Work Beyond Pension Age: Comparative Perspectives
July 2017
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Journal article
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JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY
The Role of Trade Unions in Pension Policymaking and Private Pension Governance in Europe
May 2017
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Chapter
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New Pension Mix in Europe: Recent Reforms, Their Distributional Effects and Political Dynamics
Trade unions, Europe, Pension reform
Demografische Alterung und Reformen der Alterssicherung in Europa – Probleme der ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Nachhaltigkeit
September 2015
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Journal article
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KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
44 Human Society, 4407 Policy and Administration, 4408 Political Science, 4403 Demography, 1 Underpinning research, 1.2 Psychological and socioeconomic processes, 10 Reduced Inequalities
Reforming Welfare States and Changing Capitalism
August 2015
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Chapter
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The Changing Worlds and Workplaces of Capitalism
Pushed out prematurely? Comparing objectively forced exits and subjective assessments of involuntary retirement across Europe
April 2015
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Journal article
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Research in Social Stratification and Mobility
Given the efforts in raising the statutory pension age in an aging Europe, this cross-national analysis investigates constrained retirement from a comparative perspective. Based on a conceptualization of retirement transitions as a multi-faceted phenomenon, the study distinguishes objective (external) constraints and the subjective self-assessment of involuntary retirement. Exploiting two survey items from the fifth round of the European Social Survey (ESS Round 5, 2010/2011), we examine which workers were objectively forced to retire due to economic or health reasons as well as which workers subjectively evaluate their retirement as involuntary as they would have wished to work longer. Using multilevel modeling, the study investigates the impact of national context conditions on both the individual risk to be objectively forced to terminate work and the subjective perception of retirement as occurring too early. We analyze institutional factors such as statutory pension ages and pension generosity, but also explore the role of structural factors such as unemployment and health. At the individual level, the empirical analysis reveals that objectively forced exits and subjective involuntariness do not always overlap. Ojectively forced exits are more readily explained by socio-economic characteristics like social class and unemployment experience. At the macro level, there are considerable cross-national variations that cannot be explained by compositional factors only. Relevant predictors of international differences in constrained retriement include early retirement options, statutory pension conditions, unemployment rates, labor market regulation and life expectancy.
SBTMR, Involuntary retirement, Active aging, Multi-level analysis, International comparison, Early exit from work
Karl Hinrichs and Matteo Jessoula (eds.) (2012), Labour Market Flexibility and Pension Reforms: Flexible Today, Secure Tomorrow? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. £63.00, pp. 280, hbk.
April 2015
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Journal article
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Journal of Social Policy
4404 Development Studies, 44 Human Society, 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
The privatization and marketization of pensions in Europe: a double transformation facing the crisis
March 2015
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Journal article
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European Policy Analysis
In response to the demographic challenges and fiscal constraints, many European welfare states have moved toward the privatization and marketization of pensions in order to improve their financial sustainability. The privatization of retirement income responsibility has led to a shift from dominantly public pensions to a multi-pillar architecture with growing private pillars composed of personal, firm-based, or collectively negotiated pension arrangements. At the same time, marketization has led to the introduction and expansion of prefunded pension savings based on financial investments as well as stronger reliance of market-logic principles in the remaining public pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pensions. However, there are also important cross-national variations in the speed, scope, and structural outcome of the privatization and marketization of European pension systems. Liberal market economies, but also some coordinated market economies (the Netherlands and Switzerland) as well as the Nordic countries have embraced multi-pillar strategies earlier and more widely, while the Bismarckian pensions systems and the post-socialist transition countries of Eastern Europe have been belated converts. The recent financial market and economic crisis, however, indicates that the double transformation may entail short-term problems and long-term uncertainties about the social and political sustainability of these privatized and marketized multi-pillar strategies
Varieties of Pension Governance under Pressure: Funded Pensions in Western Europe
December 2012
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Journal article
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DICE
Europe’s Transformations Towards a Renewed Pension System
October 2012
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Chapter
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The Politics of the New Welfare State
James W. Russell (2011), Double Standard: Social Policy in Europe and the United States, 2nd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. £16.95, pp. 195, pbk.
April 2012
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Journal article
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Journal of Social Policy
4407 Policy and Administration, 44 Human Society
The role of trade unions in European pension reforms: From ‘old’ to ‘new’ politics?
December 2011
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Journal article
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European Journal of Industrial Relations
35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, 3505 Human Resources and Industrial Relations, 44 Human Society, 4407 Policy and Administration, 4408 Political Science
Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline
June 2011
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Journal article
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European Journal of Industrial Relations
3801 Applied Economics, 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, 38 Economics, 3505 Human Resources and Industrial Relations, 44 Human Society, 4407 Policy and Administration
Social capital, ‘Ghent’ and workplace contexts matter: Comparing union membership in Europe
June 2011
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Journal article
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European Journal of Industrial Relations
3505 Human Resources and Industrial Relations, 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, 44 Human Society, Behavioral and Social Science, Basic Behavioral and Social Science
Preface
May 2011
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Chapter
Germany: Departing from Bismarckian Public Pensions
March 2011
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Chapter
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The Varieties of Pension Governance
Introduction: Studying Pension Privatization in Europe
March 2011
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Chapter
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The Varieties of Pension Governance
The Changing Public–Private Pension Mix in Europe: From Path Dependence to Path Departure
March 2011
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Chapter
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The Varieties of Pension Governance
The Governance and Regulation of Private Pensions in Europe
March 2011
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Chapter
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The Varieties of Pension Governance
The Public–Private Pension Mix and Old Age Income Inequality in Europe
March 2011
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Chapter
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The Varieties of Pension Governance
The Varieties of Pension Governance
March 2011
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Book
Taming pension fund capitalism in Europe: collective and state regulation in times of crisis
February 2011
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Journal article
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Transfer European Review of Labour and Research
4407 Policy and Administration, 3505 Human Resources and Industrial Relations, 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, 44 Human Society
Unions and Employers
July 2010
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Book
Kontingenz und historisch-vergleichende Makrosoziologie: Von der Großtheorie zur historischen Fallstudie. Anmerkungen zu Wolfgang Knöbl: „Die Kontingenz der Moderne“
January 2010
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Chapter
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Unsichere Zeiten
Germany
December 2009
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Chapter
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The Labour Market Triangle
Can Path Dependence Explain Institutional Change? Two Approaches Applied to Welfare State Reform
July 2009
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Chapter
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The Evolution of Path Dependence
Reforming the Bismarckian Welfare Systems ‐ Edited by Bruno Palier and Claude Martin
July 2009
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Journal article
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International Journal of Social Welfare
4407 Policy and Administration, 4409 Social Work, 44 Human Society
Mehr oder weniger? Quantitativer versus qualitativer Vergleich
January 2009
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Chapter
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Methoden der vergleichenden Politik- und Sozialwissenschaft
Vergleichende Politische Soziologie: Quantitative Analyse- oder qualitative Fallstudiendesigns?
January 2009
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Chapter
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Politische Soziologie
Crisis and reform of old-age pension schemes in Europe
December 2007
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Journal article
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Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte
The crisis of old-age pension schemes in the modern welfare state has manifold causes: a demographic development that challenges cost sharing procedures, problems and changes in the job market, generous early retirement options, and insufficient hedging of pension funds against capital market risks. The degree to which these factors have had an effect depends upon the pension system of the respective countries. As a reaction to the pressure exerted by the problem, all OECD countries have initiated reforms of their old-age pension schemes. This article compares two reform policies: 1) the changed 〉policy towards retirement age〈, extending to the reversal of early retirement policy, and 2) the increasing privatisation of old-age provisions in the form of the withdrawal of the state. Both these reform processes harbour social risks: an increased risk of unemployment for older people and of unequal social coverage by private retirement provisions. These risks result in potential subsequent problems for current forms of pension schemes and in a future need for greater regulation. The (partial) withdrawal of the state from financial responsibility for old-age pensions schemes requires flanking policies for employment, the fostering of a concerted social partnership in the shape of a collectively organised private retirement pension supplement system, and state policies of regulation and taxation designed to avoid old-age poverty.
Book Review: Varieties of Capitalism and Europeanization: National Response Strategies to the Single European Market
February 2007
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Journal article
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Journal of European Social Policy
4404 Development Studies, 44 Human Society
Reforming Early Retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA
July 2006
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Book
Abstract
Since the 1970s, early exit from work has become a major challenge in modern welfare states. Governments, employers, and unions alike once thought of early retirement as a peaceful solution to the economic problems of mass unemployment and industrial restructuring. Today, governments and international organizations advocate the postponement of retirement and an increase in activity among older workers. Comparing eight European countries, the USA, and Japan, this book demonstrates significant cross-national differences in early retirement across countries and over time. The study evaluates the impact of major variations in welfare regimes, production systems, and labor relations. It stresses the importance of the ‘pull factor’ of extensive welfare state provisions, particularly in Continental Europe; the ‘push factor’ of labor shedding strategies by firms, particularly in Anglo-American market economies; and the role of employers and worker representatives in negotiating retirement policies, particularly in coordinated market economies. Over the last three decades, early retirement has become a popular social policy and employment practice in the workplace, adding to the fiscal crises and employment problems of today’s welfare states. Attempts to reverse early retirement policies have led to major reform debates. Unilateral government policies to cut back on social benefits have not had the expected employment results due to resistance from employers, workers, and their organizations. Successful reforms require the cooperation of both sides. This study provides comprehensive empirical analyses and a balanced approach to both the pull and the push factors needed to understand the development of early retirement regimes.
The Politics of Pension Reform: Managing Interest Group Conflicts
July 2006
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Chapter
Globalization, Uncertainty and Late Careers in Society
June 2006
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Chapter
The Politics of Post-Industrial Welfare States
May 2006
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Chapter
Transformationen des Kapitalismus: Festschrift für Wolfgang Streeck zum sechzigsten Geburtstag
January 2006
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Book
Die Entwicklung moderner Gesellschaften wird durch die Dynamik des Zusammenwirkens von Märkten und marktkorrigierenden Institutionen, von Wirtschaft und Politik bestimmt. Wirtschaftlicher Erfolg, soziale Ordnung, politische Stabilität hängen wesentlich von ihrem Zusammenspiel ab. Die Steuerung gesellschaftlicher Prozesse setzt daher ein Verstehen des Zusammenwirkens von offenen Märkten und sozialen Institutionen voraus. In diesem Band werden die Spannungen zwischen demokratischer Selbstbestimmung und wirtschaftlicher Eigendynamik analysiert anhand von Fragen wie: Bedroht die Globalisierung koordinierte Marktwirtschaften? Wie überlebensfähig ist das Modell Deutschland? Was sind die spezifischen Probleme konservativer Wohlfahrtsstaaten? Wie wandeln sich soziale Institutionen? Wie wandeln sich Staat-Verbände-Beziehungen? Wer zügelt den Kapitalismus?
When Less is More
June 2005
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Journal article
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International Sociology
4402 Criminology, 44 Human Society, Generic health relevance
European Rigidity Versus American Flexibility? The Institutional Adaptability of Collective Bargaining
May 2005
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Journal article
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Work and Occupations
3505 Human Resources and Industrial Relations, 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, 3507 Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour
An empirical analysis of early retirement. Switzerland in an international comparison.
January 2005
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Journal article
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SWISS POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW
European rigidity versus American flexibility? The institutional adaptability of collective bargaining
January 2005
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Journal article
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WORK AND OCCUPATIONS
bargaining system, labor market institutions, wage rigidity, instautional change, Europe, United States of America
When less is more - Selection problems in large-N and small-N cross-national comparisons
January 2005
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Journal article
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INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGY
comparative methods, cross-national comparison, qualitative case studies, quantitative analysis, selection bias, welfare state research
Where are national capitalisms now?
January 2005
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Journal article
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WEST EUROPEAN POLITICS
Welfare and Employment in a United Europe
December 2002
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Journal article
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Political Science Quarterly
4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society
Dinosaurier der Dienstleistungsgesellschaft? Der Mitgliederschwund deutscher Gewerkschaften im historischen und internationalen Vergleich
January 2002
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Scholarly edition
Der Mitgliederschwund sollte die deutschen Gewerkschaften alarmieren: nur noch jeder fünfte Arbeitnehmer der noch nicht im (Vor-)Ruhestand ist, zahlt heute einen Mitgliedschaftsbeitrag, während die anderen als Trittbrettfahrer von der Arbeit der Tarifverbände profitieren, ohne hierzu beizutragen. Die Probleme der Mitgliederwerbung und -bindung deutscher Gewerkschaften werden anhand der Analyse langfristiger sozioökonomischer Entwicklungen, aber auch der rapiden Veränderungen seit der Vereinigung analysiert und im internationalen Vergleich betrachtet. Die langfristige Mitgliederentwicklung kann zum Teil auf veränderte wirtschaftliche und politische Bedingungen zurückgeführt werden. Auch der Wandel zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft schuf besondere Herausforderungen. Die deutschen Gewerkschaften haben im Vergleich zu nordischen Gewerkschaftsbewegungen jedoch versäumt, die neuen Arbeitnehmergruppen hinreichend zu werben. Der Verlust der neu gewonnenen 4 Millionen Mitglieder im Osten unmittelbar nach der Vereinigung wurde als Sonderfall und nicht als Untergrabung des Modells Deutschland gesehen. Nicht nur der Stellenabbau, auch die Aushöhlung der Mitbestimmungs- und Tarifinstitutionen haben die betriebliche Werbungsarbeit für die Gewerkschaften erschwert.
Guillén, Mauro F.: The limits of convergence. Globalization and organizational change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain
December 2001
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Journal article
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KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
4407 Policy and Administration, 44 Human Society
Jens Alber und Martin Schölkopf: Seniorenpolitk. Die soziale Lage älterer Menschen in Deutschland und Europa
September 2000
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Journal article
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KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
4410 Sociology, 44 Human Society
Striking deals: concertation in the reform of continental European welfare states
January 2000
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Journal article
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Journal of European Public Policy
4407 Policy and Administration, 4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society, 8 Health and social care services research, 8.3 Policy, ethics, and research governance
Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945
January 2000
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Book
When Institutions Matter:Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe, 1950–1995
June 1999
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Journal article
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European Sociological Review
4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Behavioral and Social Science
Changing industrial relations in Europe
January 1999
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Journal article
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BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Europe Through the Looking-Glass: Comparative and Multi-Level Perspectives
December 1998
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Journal article
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Acta Sociologica
4410 Sociology, 44 Human Society
Europe Through the Looking-Glass: Comparative and Multi-Level Perspectives
October 1998
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Journal article
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Acta Sociologica
4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society
Der Wandel der Arbeitsbeziehungen im westeuropäischen Vergleich
January 1997
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Chapter
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Die westeuropäischen Gesellschaften im Vergleich
The Siamese Twins: Citizenship Rights, Cleavage Formation, and Party-Union Relations in Western Europe*
December 1995
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Journal article
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International Review of Social History
4408 Political Science, 44 Human Society
Barrieren und Wege „grenzenloser“ Solidarität: Gewerkschaften und Europäische Integration
